KRAS and neoplasm: Afatinib-loaded PLGA nanoparticles achieved 34.4 ± 2.3% entrapment with sustained release (56.8 ± 6.4% over 48 h) and excellent inhalable properties (MMAD 4.7 ± 0.1 μm; FPF 77.8 ± 4.3%). They outperformed free afatinib in KRAS-mutant A549 and H460 cells by enhancing cytotoxicity, cellular uptake, and penetration–growth inhibition in 3D tumor spheroids.