Genes related to CD8+ T cell activation including CD33, CX3CR1, CXCL3, CXCL11, and CXCL16 were overexpressed >2-fold in the combination treatment group (ultrasound and anti-PDL1) compared to the group using mechanical ultrasound therapy alone, providing a possible explanation for the enhanced anti-tumour effects that were observed for the combination vs. ultrasound treatment group in the same study. The gene discussed is CXCL16; the disease is neoplasm.