Ye and colleagues [94] reported that in mice (with a C57/B6 background), ETS1 was highly expressed in the cardiac neural crest, endocardium, and vascular endothelium early during embryogenesis, and targeted disruption of Ets1 caused a large membranous VSD and a bifid cardiac apex, as well as a non-apex-forming left ventricle, a hallmark of hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS). Here, ETS1 is linked to hypoplastic left heart syndrome.