In contrast, this study employs a sleep-deprived mouse model and further explores in-depth how FCF treatment modulates intestinal barrier function and gut microbiota, which in turn ameliorates hippocampal TLR4/NF-κB pathway activation and glial cell overactivation via the microbiota–gut–brain axis, thereby alleviating neuroinflammation and mitigating cognitive impairment in SD mice. Here, NFKB1 is linked to Cognitive impairment.