HIF1A and glioma: Preclinical studies have demonstrated that propofol exerts antitumor effects by inhibiting glioma cell proliferation, invasion, and migration, primarily through mechanisms such as upregulation of microRNA-218 and suppression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) activity [10,11,12].