TGF-β1 significantly increased in non-MASLD patients with bacterial pneumonia (Δ = −168, 95% CI 5–331) and MASLD group with M. pneumoniae (Δ = −564, 95% CI −793–−335) and AdV (Δ = −300, 95% CI −552–−48). Here, TGFB1 is linked to bacterial pneumonia.