XBP1 and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: Moreover, empagliflozin has been also shown to protect against MASLD through the inhibition of inositol requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1a) and X-box binding protein 1 (Xbp1); activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP); and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), involved in endoplasmic reticulum stress induced inflammation and apoptosis of hepatic cells [181].