After adding IFN-γ (10 ng/mL) into medium [materials and methods, [11,12], vitiligo co-cultured cells showed significant reductions in protein levels of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) (36.4% to 21.8%) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) (12.3% to 1.5%) (Figure 2B). Here, EDN1 is linked to vitiligo.