TFAM and vitamin D deficiency: A 2024 study [36] identified two significant differentially methylated CpG dinucleotides: the hypomethylated cg05831083 in the TFAM gene (mitochondrial transcription factor A), associated with obesity and vitamin D deficiency, and the hypermethylated cg14926485 in the PIEZO1 gene (a mechanosensitive ion channel), which exhibited an opposite pattern.