PDCD1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: While Gal-9–TIM-3 axis blockade (F38-2E2) or PD-1 (Nivolumab) inhibition had only modest effects on secretion of T cell cytokines from NSCLC patient-derived peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), combined ab treatment further enhanced IFNγ and TNFα production [193].