IL-1 is another pro-inflammatory cytokine significant in heart failure pathogenesis [58,76], as it impairs beta receptor stimulation-related activation of adenylyl cyclase responsible for cAMP synthesis, reduces intracellular calcium ion influx through L-type channels, and decreases calcium reuptake in the sarcoplasmic reticulum via downregulation of calcium-ATPase protein and mRNA level [77,78]. Here, IL1B is linked to heart failure.