Renal infiltration by leukocytes (activated by any pathogen or infection) produces pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β, in turn contributing to tubular cell injury, partly through an increase in local oxidative stress, which elicits a rise in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lowered levels of antioxidants [10]. Here, TNF is linked to infection.