TGFB1 and carcinoma: CRC can be classified into four Consensus Molecular Subtypes (CMSs): CMS1, characterized by carcinomas with microsatellite instability and strong immune activation; CMS2, including canonical carcinomas with an epithelial phenotype; CMS3, comprising tumors with an epithelial phenotype and evident metabolic dysregulation; and CMS4, encompassing cancer with a stromal phenotype, prominent transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) activation, high invasion, and angiogenesis [4].