VEGFA and hepatocellular carcinoma: Sorafenib is approved for advanced HCC, with newer regimens such as atezolizumab (anti-PD-L1) plus bevacizumab (anti-VEGF), and tremelimumab (anti-CTLA4) plus durvalumab (anti-PD-L1) now established as standard treatments, and emerging therapies like tislelizumab (anti-PD-1) and pembrolizumab (anti-PD-1) combined with lenvatinib (TKI) under investigation [138].