AHR and medical procedure: Based on these findings, we hypothesize that sulforaphane may restore metabolic homeostasis through multi-target actions: on one hand, by promoting bile acid conjugation to selectively enrich specific probiotics; on the other hand, by activating the AhR-Nrf2 signaling pathway to enhance intestinal barrier function, thereby disrupting the “leaky gut–lipopolysaccharide translocation–liver inflammation” vicious cycle.