TGFB1 and pancreatic serous cystadenoma: The level of TGF-β was significantly downregulated in the liver, serum, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in PSC patients compared to controls (1.7-fold reduction, p = 0.03 vs. controls, 1.7-fold reduction, p = 0.0003 vs. controls, and 1.7-fold reduction, p = 0.01 vs. controls, respectively; Figure 1E–G).