, but we employed a palmitate-induced C2C12 cell model designed for exploring T2DM at the molecular level by evaluating the expression of GLUT4, MEF-2A, and NRF-1, alongside activities of intracellular antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD), we aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the observed glucose-lowering effects. Here, NRF1 is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.