CAT and Crohn disease: Current evidence demonstrates multidimensional molecular alterations in IBD patients’ saliva: reduced antioxidant enzyme activities (e.g., glutathione and catalase) with concurrent elevated lipid peroxidation in active Crohn’s disease [10], elevated proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) correlating positively with disease activity [11], and distinct microRNA expression patterns specifically miR-101 upregulation in Crohn’s disease versus miR-21/miR-31/miR-142-3p upregulation coupled with miR-142-5p downregulation in ulcerative colitis [12,13].