TGFB1 and neoplasm: Notably, THC has been reported to exert immunosuppressive effects, suppressing T-cell proliferation and cytotoxic function, inhibiting IFN-γ and IL-2 production, shifting cytokine balance toward IL-10/TGF-β, and impairing anti-tumour immune responses [48], which may counteract CBD’s potential benefits in immune-competent in vivo settings.