Importantly, the study incorporates an innovative pharmacodynamic component, examining DNA damage markers (e.g., phosphorylated RAD50, schlafen family member 11 (SLFN11)) in tumor biopsies, and compares the effects of topoisomerase I inhibition alone compared to dual topoisomerase and ATR inhibition on DNA repair pathways. Here, SLFN11 is linked to neoplasm.