IL32 and psoriasis: This is evidenced by the following: (1) the significant enrichment of immune cells (B cells/plasma cells and macrophages) and their corresponding cytokines (CCL2, CXCL1, IL-6, IL-32, and IL-1β); (2) the increased upregulation of immunoglobulins and the innate immune pathways; (3) the lack of a dominant TH axis typically observed in psoriasis/AD [22,28,31,33,40,105].