INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: TRF supplementation in diabetic rats ↓ blood insulin, fasting blood glucose, brain GSH, and SOD levels compared to the T2DM group. TRF dose-dependent therapy ↓ structural abnormalities of hippocampal histopathology in T2DM-induced vascular dementia (VaD) rats, while preserving the compactness of the stratum pyramidale and preventing neuronal cell loss.