This review synthesizes the current evidence outlining the interconnected pathophysiological roles of inflammation, oxidative stress, and atherosclerosis in CKD progression, with an emphasis on emerging biomarkers such as PCSK9, EPHX2, AOPPs, and TBARSs, and their integration with established clinical indices like the AC and PNI, as depicted in Figure 1. The gene discussed is EPHX2; the disease is atherosclerosis.