This review synthesizes the current evidence outlining the interconnected pathophysiological roles of inflammation, oxidative stress, and atherosclerosis in CKD progression, with an emphasis on emerging biomarkers such as PCSK9, EPHX2, AOPPs, and TBARSs, and their integration with established clinical indices like the AC and PNI, as depicted in Figure 1. Here, EPHX2 is linked to chronic kidney disease.