Recent transcriptomic and proteomic studies have identified novel inflammatory signatures in CKD-associated atherosclerosis, including upregulation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) such as Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome components, and interferon regulatory factors IRF3 and IRF7 [58,59,60,61,62,63]. Here, TLR4 is linked to chronic kidney disease.