PCSK9 and chronic kidney disease: In CKD cohorts, particularly those on maintenance hemodialysis, studies such as the GCKD cohort have demonstrated that statin use was the strongest independent predictor of elevated PCSK9, with mean serum PCSK9 levels being approximately 70 ng/mL higher in statin-treated individuals, while kidney function markers like eGFR showed no independent association with PCSK9 levels [131].