Proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α); Interleukin 6 (IL-6); IL-1β) and acute-phase proteins such as C-reactive protein (CRP) are consistently elevated in CKD, promoting endothelial injury and smooth muscle proliferation [45,46]. The gene discussed is IL1B; the disease is chronic kidney disease.