ADIPOQ and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: In the most cited paper, Furukawa et al. [26] revealed that hypertrophic adipocytes in obesity overexpress NADPH oxidase while downregulating antioxidants like superoxide dismutase, generating systemic oxidative stress marked by elevated plasma TBARS and urinary 8-iso-PGF2α, inversely correlating with adiponectin levels.