LCN2 and medical procedure: Their results showed that pretreatment with APO significantly reduced glomerular dysfunction, plasma sodium and potassium imbalances, markers of kidney injury (such as urinary alpha-GST and both plasma and urinary NGAL levels), kidney damage, nitrotyrosine formation and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activation (PARP, an enzyme involved in DNA repair), proinflammatory cytokine production, and cell apoptosis.