GAPDH and Hyperglycemia: Related induction of oxidative stress by embryonic metabolic dysfunction in hyperglycemia was indicated by increased embryonic isoprostane levels [51], change in the expression of antioxidant response element (ARE)-linked genes [52], decreased activity of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [42], and large-amplitude swelling of embryonic mitochondria, linked to mitochondrial dysfunction [53].