HDAC9 and ischemia: While direct mechanistic links in ischemia models are emerging, HDAC-driven microglial activation is known to upregulate cytokines such as TNF α, IL 1β, IL 6, and chemokines C-C motif ligand 2 (CCL2) and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10), which are common hallmarks of neuroinflammatory states [41,42].