Quantitative PCR analysis revealed that the expression levels of ASK1, TRADD, JUN, MKK7, MKK4, JNK2, and JNK3 were significantly upregulated in GCs from AF compared to HF (Figure 3A–G), confirming activation of the ASK1 signaling pathway during follicular atresia. The gene discussed is MAP3K5; the disease is atrial fibrillation.