TNF and chronic kidney disease: This association was also observed when these inflammatory biomarkers were analyzed as continuous variables, with each 1-SD increase in IL-1ra (OR; 95% CI: 1.57; 1.10–2.24), IL-6 (OR; 95% CI: 1.68; 1.23–2.29), TNFα (OR; 95% CI: 1.80; 1.27–2.56), and IL-1β (OR; 95% CI: 2.03; 1.33–3.08) being significantly associated with CKD risk.