INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: A recent meta-analysis of 22 randomized controlled HIIT trials reported significant improvements in glucose and lipid metabolism markers in T2DM cohorts [51], and it has been demonstrated that several exercise-related mechanisms can contribute independently to improved glycemic control, including enhanced glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT-4) translocation [52], increased muscle capillarization [53], and improved hepatic insulin signalling [52].