TGFB1 and cancer: KEGG pathway analysis (Figure 4C) of the shared DEGs identified significant enrichment in Hippo signaling, Wnt signaling, TGF-β signaling, ECM–receptor interaction, and cell adhesion-related pathways (adherens junction, tight junction, focal adhesion), along with cancer-related pathways (gastric cancer) and protozoan infection pathways (Leishmania infection, toxoplasmosis).