A number of clinical studies have examined the predictive role of several biomarkers, such as cardiac biomechanical stress (natriuretic peptides), inflammation (high-sensitive C-reactive protein [hs-CRP], galectin-3, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha), cardiac injury (cardiac troponins) and fibrosis (matrix metalloproteinases, soluble suppression tumorigenicity-2, collagen turn-over, micro-RNAs), renal function (glomeral filtration rate, cystatin-C) in predicting new case of AF, as well as of recurrence AF after ablation or electrical cardioversion [17,18,19]. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is atrial fibrillation.