NF-κB–NLRP3–IL-1β feed-forward cascade: Within the microenvironment of calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis, upon uptake of crystals by macrophages, an NADPH oxidase-dependent ROS surge is triggered, which in turn promotes NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and activates caspase-1, leading to the rapid release of mature IL-1β. The gene discussed is NLRP3; the disease is nephrolithiasis, calcium oxalate.