Studies performed in other cadmium-polluted areas of China since the 1990s included assessments of renal dysfunction and other adverse health effects and showed dose–response relationships between cadmium exposure measured as urine-Cd (UCd), blood-Cd (BCd), and biomarkers of kidney dysfunction such as increased urinary excretion of albumin (Alb), β2-Microglobulin (B2M), or N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG). This evidence concerns the gene ALB and Abnormal renal physiology.