STAT1 and cancer: The M1 macrophage-associated pathways were consistently enriched across 19 cancers, encompassing pro-inflammatory and immune-regulatory processes, including the NF-κB pathway (cytokine regulation) [54], JAK-STAT signaling (STAT1-mediated M1 polarization) [55], NOD-like receptor signaling (inflammasome activation) [56], and IL-17 signaling (inflammation promotion) [57].