CD274 and neoplasm: However, the majority of cases lack actionable alterations and sufficiently high PD-L1 levels; in fact, a PD-L1 tumor proportion score (TPS) greater or equal to 50% is needed for anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 monotherapy, while combination chemotherapy and immunotherapy is the current standard first-line treatment for patients with lower PD-L1 scores [4].