These autophagy-inducing mechanisms include the activation of PTEN-induced putative kinase protein 1 (PINK1) in response to increased oxidative stress induced by high ROS levels in dormant BC cells [52, 127], activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in response to ECM detachment and hypoxia [129, 130], and reduced PI3K–AKT signalling in response to nutritional stress [131]. Here, AKT1 is linked to breast cancer.