The study also revealed that DSBCl significantly reduced the expression of genes related to tumorigenesis and pluripotency in GCSCs, including NANOG, OCT4, and cMYC. These genes are key regulatory factors for maintaining undifferentiated stem cells49, are significantly overexpressed during the progression of gastric cancer, and can serve as potential prognostic biomarkers for this type of cancer50. The gene discussed is NANOG; the disease is gastric cancer.