Flow cytometry demonstrated that TACC3-high tumors exhibited lower infiltration of total and IFN-γ+CD8+ T cells but higher PD-1+CD8+ T-cell proportions (Supplementary Fig. 6g‒i), further confirming that low microenvironmental DHA in TACC3-high HCC may promote a cold tumor immune phenotype and inhibit the antitumor immunity of CD8+ T cells. Here, PDCD1 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.