TNF and rheumatoid arthritis: TNF-α exacerbates RA inflammation by inducing pro-inflammatory mediators; osteoclast differentiation factors promote bone resorption and IL-6/IL-1 secretion; and the IL-17 pathway activates transcription factors, such as NF-κB, which synergize with other pathways to exacerbate joint damage [35,36,37,38,39,40].