Indeed, ADA2 protein expression is upregulated by viral and bacterial infection in vitro and in vivo (EBV, SARS-CoV-2, HTLV-1 and HIV, Mycobacterium tuberculosis) (Tsuboi et al., 1995; Schiff et al., 2024; Bae et al., 2016; Saminathan et al., 2025; Bucciol et al., 2023; Zavialov et al., 2010). Here, ADA2 is linked to bacterial infectious disease.