TGFB1 and myopia: At the same time, the neuromodulators and signal molecules of HM are extremely complex, including sclera extracellular matrix remodeling and endoplasmic reticulum stress (Ikeda et al., 2022), inflammatory responses, the release of dopamine and gamma-aminobutyric acid, or abnormalities in myopia-related signaling pathways, such as retinoic acid signaling, TGF-β signaling, and HIF-1α signaling.