The etiologies varied, comprising tardive generalized dystonia (6 cases), adult-onset X-linked dystonia-parkinsonism (XDP) (7 cases), idiopathic parkinsonism (2 cases), L-dopa responsive parkinsonism (9 cases), Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN) (2 cases), post-infectious (1 case), perinatal (1 case), and gene mutations of uncertain significance in various genes. Here, PANK1 is linked to pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration.