TNF and Alzheimer disease: Utilizing salivary and blood biomarkers, such as pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-α], interleukin-1β [IL-1β], IL-6), oxidative stress markers (e.g., malondialdehyde, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine), and periodontal pathogen DNA, could aid in the early identification of individuals at higher risk for Alzheimer’s disease (AD).