TP53 and hepatocellular carcinoma: Figure 2 addresses the role of both AFB1 and HBV in promoting p53 downregulation, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and HCC. In addition, it includes the major signaling pathways involved in liver cancer pathogenesis, including Wnt, PI3K-AKT-STAT3, Ras-MAPK1, and NF-κB. These are commonly activated during liver tumor development and are frequently modulated by HBV infection and aflatoxin exposure [14,83].