VCAM1 and neoplasm: Curcumin can inhibit the binding of NF-κB to IKK and the activation of the NF-κB-DNA complex, ultimately downregulating the gene expression of NF-κB-mediated adhesion molecules, such as VCAM-1 (vascular-cell adhesion molecule 1), ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule 1), and ELAM-1 (endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule 1), thereby inhibiting tumor metastasis [168].