NFKB1 and endothelial dysfunction: This redox imbalance activates inflammatory signaling cascades, including NF-κB and MAPK pathways, which subsequently upregulate pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) and adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1), contributing to endothelial dysfunction and leukocyte adhesion.