Exclusion criteria included pregnancy or breastfeeding, history of GLP-1 hypersensitivity or diabetic ketoacidosis, substance dependence (including nicotine), significant laboratory abnormalities (e.g., eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, ALT/AST > 3 × ULN), active malignancy within 5 years, inflammatory disorders, or prior/current use of GLP-1 receptor agonists. This evidence concerns the gene GLP1R and substance dependence.