Intranasal vaccination with a Shiga-toxin B-based mucosal vector drives lung TRM cell formation in head-and-neck and lung cancer models, but concurrent blockade of TGF-β sharply reduces CD103+CD69+ TRM frequencies and eliminates vaccine efficacy, demonstrating that in vivo TGF-β signaling is essential for generating protective TRM cells [43]. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and lung cancer.