This interplay also underpins disease pathogenesis: in PCOS, synergistic defects in phosphorylation (IRS-1), ubiquitination (AR), and acetylation (PDK4) drive hyperandrogenism and follicular arrest; in POI, coordinated abnormalities in SUMOylation, ubiquitination, and lactylation accelerate follicle depletion via meiotic dysfunction and metabolic disorders. Here, IRS1 is linked to metabolic disease.